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.The Incorporation of America: Culture and Society in theGilded Age.New York: Hill and Wang, 1982.Turner, Bryan.The Body and Society: Explorations in Social Theory.2d ed.Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage, 1996.Turner, Victor.The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-Structure.Ithaca: CornellUniversity Press, 1969.Van Gennep, Arnold.The Rites of Passage.Translated by Monika Vizedom andGabrielle Caffee.Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960.Vovelle, Michel.La Mort et l’occident de 1300 à nos jours.Paris: Gallimard,1983.———.Piété baroque et déchristianisation en Provence au XVIIIe siècle.Paris:Plon, 1973.Walker, D.P.The Decline of Hell: Seventeenth-Century Discussions of EternalTorment.Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964.Warner, W.Lloyd.The Living and the Dead: A Study of the Symbolic Life ofAmericans.New Haven: Yale University Press, 1959.Wheeler, Michael.Death and the Future Life in Victorian Literature and The-ology.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.Wiebe, Robert H.The Search for Order, 1877–1920.New York: Hill andWang, 1967.Wilson, Sir Arnold, and Hermann Levy.Burial Reform and Funeral Costs.NewYork: Oxford University Press, 1938.The Wirthlin Group.1995 Study of American Attitudes toward Ritualizationand Memorialization.McLean,Va.: The Wirthlin Group, 1995.Young, Katharine.Bodylore.Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1993.Zaleski, Carol.Otherworld Journeys: Accounts of Near-Death Experiences inMedieval and Modern Times.New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.Prothero_Index 10/19/00 12:09 Page 263IndexAfrican Americans, 135–36, 190–91cremation versus, 6, 20, 38, 53, 69,agnostics and agnosticism, 2493–95, 130, 148, 157, 172, 174,American Medical Association (AMA),183, 211–1258–61, 214economic arguments against, 168–69American Funeral Director, 171, 174,in New Testament, 54–55176, 192, 214premature, 23, 67–69, 71–73, 157American Public Health Association,sanitary arguments against, 9, 18, 38,55–5647, 50–51, 53, 56, 64–65, 96American Way of Death, The.See Mit-social arguments against, 67–68,ford, Jessica70–73Amos, biblical book of, 78See also cremationashes, scattering, 144–47, 148–50,Bynum, Carolyn Walker, 71198–99See also cremationCarlson, Lisa, 200, 216atheists and atheism, 74–75, 137Catholics and Catholicism, 10, 24,Augustine, 8475–76, 77, 84, 168–69, 187, 189,217Beecher, Reverend Henry Ward, 78, 90,acceptance of cremation, 165, 191,214215, 217Bell, Catherine, 41, 96–97condemnation of cremation, 74, 78,Beugless, Reverend John D., 56–57133–35, 157–58Bible, 6, 44, 82cemeteries, 47–49, 50–51, 118–20See also specific booksChristians and Christianity, 7, 40, 79,Bigelow, Dr.Jacob, 4685–86, 87, 190Blavatsky, Helena, 144Cobb, Augustus, 75–76, 86Bloom, Harold, 85–86, 206–7Cobb, John Storer, 110Buddhists and Buddhism, 5, 24, 45, 81,coffins, 52100, 145columbaria, 28, 76–77, 83–84, 111,Bohemian National Cemetery, 117–118,113–14, 116–18, 122–23, 126, 191215Columbarium, The, 10, 106, 108, 215burial, 51–52Continental Association of Funeral andaesthetic arguments against, 70–71Memorial Societies.See Funeral andaesthetic arguments for, 62–63Memorial Societies of America263Prothero_Index 10/19/00 12:09 Page 264264IndexCorinthians I, biblical book of, 54–55,cremationists, 21–22, 52–53, 56, 57,79, 82, 84–8565–66, 88, 93–95, 96–99cremationcriticized by Roman Catholic Church,acceptance of, 10974in ancient world, 5, 6relationship with Christianity, 41,arguments against, 142, 175–7771–76, 79, 80–85, 137, 142–44aesthetic arguments against, 61–62relationship with funeral directors,economic arguments against, 190133, 139–42, 141, 150social arguments against, 76–77and religion, 39theological arguments against, 6, 79,crematories, 118–2093, 142, 157–58advances at, 114–15, 123–26arguments for, 24, 209development of, 122aesthetic arguments for, 19–20,rituals at, 121–2363–64, 156–57, 210See also De Palm, Baron Joseph Henryeconomic arguments for, 19–20,Louis Charles135–36environmental arguments for, 157De Palm, Baron Joseph Henry Louissanitary arguments for, 17–18,Charles, 15, 24, 34–45, 62, 99, 108,19–20, 38, 53, 55; criticized,213153–54effects of his cremation, 37, 130–31social arguments for, 19–20Deuteronomy, biblical book of, 78theological arguments for, 6, 19–20,Douglas, Mary, 44–45, 9965, 73, 80–85and the counterculture, 182–84,Erichsen, Hugo, 74, 110–11, 119, 138,188–89140, 142–43developments in, 112, 147-52,Ethical Culture, 70188–207economics of, 194–96, 199Federal Trade Commission (FTC),and environmentalism, 155168–70, 171–74, 176, 177, 180,first in modern America
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