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.In articles like The Challenge of Muscle Shoals, [Nation 1933], The Tennessee River Project: First Step in a National Plan [New York Times1933], and Tennessee Seed of a National Plan [Survey Graphic 1933] heapplied his models of fluvial dynamics not only to water but to electricity,highways and population migrations.The stream control was of two kinds:the stream of water in the rivers, and the stream of development along thehighways. 8The highway was a strong liquid planning prototype and one of Mac-Kaye s most effective and politically popular planning instruments.It was acontinental-intercontinental intervention that affected commercial as well asrecreational traffic.Moreover, highway building was becoming increasinglyprominent within the national agenda.In the years just before his tenure atthe TVA, MacKaye published several proposals for the limited-access highwayas a terrestrial infrastructure, among them: Townless Highways [1930], Roads Vs.Shuttles [1931] and Cement Railroads [1932].Like the Appa-lachian Trail, highways and parkways were, along with railroads, units ofregional organization.MacKaye s latest liquid planning prototype, the town-less highway, proposed a wide easement or wayside as insulation from devel-opment.Access would only occur at specialized interchanges that wouldeliminate grade crossings.Distinct communities would be developed somedistance from the roadway.Like most limited-access highway proposals,MacKaye proposed to separate the two directions of traffic, making it possible|1.3 571.3.1 Control of streams by levees. The openways crossing and flanking the motor ways: The sys-tem of levees interlocking with the system of metropolitan streams.Benton MacKaye, The New Ex-ploration: A Philosophy of Regional Planning (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1928),194.to use not only the two waysides but the very large central area as a meansof organizing and accumulating land for a terrestrial network.9 The townlesshighway was just another of MacKaye s specialized linear prototypes.Hewrote to Clarence Stein in 1929, that the townless highway idea was the complement in a sense of an Appalachian Trail.One follows the primeval In thinking up schemes forRoosevelt I find myself goingcrestline or main dam across the metropolitan stream ; the other followsback to the visualization thatthe stream itself (figure 1.3.1). 10I tried to popularize last win-MacKaye was also particularly interested in addressing those forms ofter in my Open Door article,transportation that, like waterways, airways, and landways, crossed longin which housing, highways,distances without interruption.Both railroads and the limited access high-and wilderness areas wereways were examples of these specialized landways. The wayside, as part of placed in one great flyingwedge highways being thethis right-of-way, was a strip of public land devoted to movement, one center rush.26physically and legally insulated from grade crossing and commercial access. Benton MacKayeMacKaye considered the wayside to be a critical conduit between towns andwilderness or recreation areas.He recognized that crafting wayside space in-[From his post at the TVA,volved crafting the law that changed uses and perception of the space.HeMacKaye wrote to his friendwrote that a cordon sanitaire or some other tightly woven brand of legal Stein about visits from people|Partition: Watershed and Wayside 58whom I ve casually known in fence must be strung between the stations of each side of the road. 11 Whilethe whirl of New York andat the TVA, MacKaye wrote sample legislation for amendments to the twoWashington and one partic-Federal Aid Highway acts.For MacKaye, the legislation would create a nation-ular banquet for Sir Raymondwide system of highways with broad rights-of-way and limited access, by-Unwin which characterizedpassing cities.The creation of a national highway system automatically meantthe atmosphere of the TVA.]the parallel formation of a diverse national network of wayside landscapes.An enormous crowd filled thelobby all of them of courseeager to see this particular bigWatershedman from across the seas [SirMacKaye also merged the ideas of watershed and wayside in the creation ofRaymond Unwin].Many ofnational planning partitions.In the New York Times article MacKaye had writ-our friends were in the swirlten before arriving at the TVA; he discussed the Tennessee Valley as a systemand we joshed and gurgledthat was part of a larger intermountain area made up of the Mississippiamong them.Any man whohad a wife had her along.And basin and the Appalachian Valley.He proposed building a highway in thethere were many singleites ofintermountain lane formed by the valleys running from Lake Champlain toeach gender.Harvey and ITennessee
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