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.comprador 38, CCP: see Chinese Communist Party115, 183, 238, 362; Communist views Chang, Chung-li 369n12of 176, 185 6, 190 1, 196, 199, 204, Chang, Jung 340233, 237 9, 301, 327, 353, 360 3 Ch en, Yung-fa 284, 357passim; see also merchants Chen Boda 330Boxer Protocol 4 5 Chen Duxiu 181, 210, 226 9 passim,Boxer uprising 1 8, 17 18, 48, 108 9, 241, 263, 292; anti-traditionalism of151, 191; and reform 41 2, 48; views 128, 133 4, 137 9, 150, 165 7, 171,of 52, 187 8, 210 222 3; and Communism 176, 184 8boycotts 58, 116, 119, 211, 129, 149, passim, 196 8, 274 5206 8, 210; anti-American 38, 161; Chen Hansheng 289 90anti-Japanese 80, 116, 152 4, 160, Chen Jiongming 86, 128, 192 3, 203,267, 269 218, 219Britain 60 1, 361; Chinese attitudes Chen Qimei 232toward 116, 129; and Republic 195, Chen Xiefen 125203, 237; relations with Qing 6 8, 10, Chen Xuezhao 16316, 43 4, 49, 64 5; and warlords Chen Yi 28786 7; and World War I 79 80, 155; Chen Yun 121and World War II 296, 305, 312 16 Chesneaux, Jean 121passim; see also imperialism Chiang Kai-shek 85, 146, 148, 199, 202,Buck, Pearl 85 351; and anti-Japanese resistanceBuddhism 14 15, 25 28 passim, 54, 167, 295 8 passim, 299 321 passim; back-181, 182, 187, 219, 269; institutions ground 232; and civil war 338 43;16, 182; and rebellion 109 10 during Nanjing decade 248 59, 263,bureaucracy 58, 357, 364; and 265, 267 70, 275, 279, 288, 299 300;Communists 275, 280, 352, 360, 362; rise to power of 210, 230 47; see alsocriticism of 15 16, 70, 101 2, 275, 352, Nationalist Party, Nanjing government367; early Republican 76, 79, 82; and Chinese Communist Party (CCP) 36 7,Nationalists 231, 248 9, 251, 254 5, 67, 75, 91, 121, 141, 145 8, 247, Index 397358 67; and anti-warlordism 85, 237, 252, 255 6, 260, 362; Qing views236 8, 278, 301; and civil war 316, on 63, 73; see also Communist321, 337 43, 355 7, 360; early devel- Revolution, land reform, peasants,opment of 134, 135, 176, 183, 186 7, workers191 2, 196 209, 210 11, 214 23 clothing 2, 21, 81, 107, 112 14, 215, 217,passim, 230 42 passim, 245, 254, 267, 257, 262 3, 361276; internal discipline of 281, 284, Cohen, Paul A
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